Child cognitive imparment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Child cognitive imparment - Essay Example The disease is defined by the center of disease control by a score of 70 and below on the child’s intellectual test capabilities i.e. the IQ test. There are four levels of a child’s cognitive impairments. A child suffering from mild cognitive impairments has an IQ test of 50 to 70 while moderate cognitive impairment has an IQ test of 35 to 55. Severe cognitive impairments with an IQ test of 20 to 40 and profound cognitive impairment where the child has an IQ test of below 20.physical disabilities will usually impact on the way a child controls its body, move and the cognitive and intellectual disabilities will affect the way the way a child thinks and learns. Children develop at different rates. However, there are certain milestones that the healthy child ought to reach by a specific age. The child’s cognitive impairments will affect the developmental milestones of the child (Webster et al., 2006). Cognitive impairments are as a result of a number of factors. Majority of the instances of cognitive impairments are as a result of genetic and chromosomal disorders. Cognitive impairments are also attributed to injuries and illness that occur to the mother during pregnancy or infancy period. Extreme cases of malnutrition to the child, inadequate medical accessibility among the infants, exposure to environmental toxins and chemicals can attribute to cognitive impairments among children. Other causes attributed include genetic diseases, infections on the child such as meningitis, parasitic infections to the child, cerebral malaria, in-utero alcohol and drug exposure during pregnancy, asphyxia, low birth weight, endocrine disorders and head injuries to the children. Most of these causes are preventable. However, it is difficult to prevent these conditions in developing countries. With the many possible causes, it is difficult to define the specific cause of cognitive defect on a child (Ferguson, Hall, Riley, & Moore, 2011). Signs and symptoms

OSHA Considerations for Reducing PELs for Crystalline Silica

OSHA Considerations for Reducing PELs for Crystalline Silica OSHA considerations for reducing PELs for crystalline silica Presented by: Sepideh Sadeghi Introduction Crystalline silica is known as an important constituent in some construction materials like stone, sand, concrete, and granite (1, 2). It comes from different industrial activities such as agriculture, sandblasting, mining, foundry, construction, oil and gas extraction, and hydraulic fracturing (3). Crystalline silica is present in the form of Quartz, Cristobalite and tridymite and all of them are known as a source of exposure in the work places (1, 2). Exposure to crystalline silica can cause silicosis, and a progressive fibrosis of the lungs (2). The National Toxicology Program (NTP) and International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) have found two forms of quartz and cristobalite carcinogenic (4, 5). There is a possible mechanism that denotes how this material causes lung disease; when active oxygen species (AOS) is generated by chemicals reactions, it can interact with DNA, proteins, and lipids in macromolecules, then mutation in DNA can initiate the process of cancer or DNA damage (6). The permissible exposure limit (PEL) for respirable crystalline silica (RCS) which is adopted by OSHA is, (RCS): PEL = (10 mg/m3)/ (%silica+2) which restricts both the exposure to RCS and respirable dust (7). The PEL has not updated since the agency was established in 1971. There are many techniques to identify and quantify crystalline silica such as X-ray diffraction methods, Infrared methods, optical and electron microscopy techniques, chemical and thermal analysis. However, some of these techniques have some limitations in their process (8). The purpose of this study is reviewing the OSHA considerations for reducing PELs for crystalline silica. Background Based on the researches done to identify the reason of workers’ illnesses in Vermont granite occurred in 1940 the OSHA proposed the current PEL in 1971(7). The most common symptoms among the workers in Vermont granite were shortness of breath, dry cough, and reduced pulmonary function (9). Then, a recommended exposure limit (REL) of 0.05 mg/m3 for RCS was proposed by NIOSH in 1974 (7, 10) In 1989, NIOSH testified to OSHA that silica should be considered a â€Å"potential occupational carcinogen.† And IARC attested to classify crystalline silica as a carcinogen (7, 11). As a result, the ACGIH accepted to list the silica as an â€Å"A2 Suspected Human carcinogen† In 1999, and, in 2000, adopted a TLV of 50 ÃŽ ¼g/m3 for RCS. In 2006, additional evidences indicated the relation between lung cancer and the inflammation caused by silica, and it led the ACGIH to reduce the TLV to 25ÃŽ ¼g/m3 (9, 12). Results and discussion The detrimental effects of silica on the workers’ health such as lung cancer, kidney diseases and sometimes death necessitated OSHA proposing a new PEL for respirable crystalline silica of 50ÃŽ ¼g/m3 (9). The investigations conducted in the industries showed that workers were at the risk of illnesses and death below the current PELs (9). The following paragraphs address the OSHA considerations for reducing the PEL for crystalline silica. Possibility of Sampling and Analytical Methods The possibility of sampling and analytical methods is between the several limitations that can affect the OSHA decision to reduce the silica PELs. There are some available and accurate personal sampling cyclones like SKC G-3, Higgens-Dowel, Dorr-Oliver, and BGI GK 2.69 which were examined by OSHA for collecting the respirable crystalline silica. According to OSHA, all of these devices are able to collect the silica as low as 25 ÃŽ ¼g/m3 which is needed for the OSHA analytical method of ID-142 (9). Regarding analytical methods to measure silica, two factors of sensitivity and accuracy are investigated by OSHA. The first method that OSHA concludes it has a reasonable sensitivity for measuring the silica was the X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Infrared Spectroscopy (IR). However, the poor inter-laboratory results indicated that the mentioned methods are lack of precision. The XRD method of ID-142 presents the precision of  ±23 for the crystalline silica of 50 to 160 ÃŽ ¼g and  ±19 percent for the sampling and analytical error. Therefore, the OSHA could not rely on such colorimetric methods to measure the low amount of silica. Finally, OSHA’s analysis found the laboratories good agreement for the samples in the range of 49-70 ÃŽ ¼g. Therefore, OSHA believes that a PEL of 50ÃŽ ¼g/m3 is more appropriate in the workplaces (9). Possibility of Control Technologies According to possibility of control technologies the OSHA has conducted an analysis for both of general industry sectors and construction industry activities that are potentially affected by the proposed silica standard. 3.2.1. Possibility Findings for the Proposed Permissible Exposure Limit of 50ÃŽ ¼g/m3 According to the results of findings, OSHA assumed that the proposed PEL of 50ÃŽ ¼g/m3 is appropriate for all affected general industries as well as construction activities (9). Thus, OSHA discerned that the PEL of 50ÃŽ ¼g/m3 will be sufficient to maintain in engineering and work practices. And for those few activities within an industry where the proposed PEL is not technologically achievable the workers can achieve the exposure levels at or below the proposed PEL by wearing the protective equipments such as respirators (9). 3.2.2 Feasibility Findings for an Alternative Permissible Exposure Limit of 25ÃŽ ¼g/m3 Regarding to the results of possibility analysis, OSHA concludes that a proposed PEL of 25ÃŽ ¼g/m3 would not be achievable for many industries, and using respiratory protection would have to be required in most operations to achieve compliance. However, there are several industries that have achieved an alternative PEL of 25ÃŽ ¼g/m3 such as asphalt paving products, dental laboratories, mineral processing, and paint and coatings manufacturing in general industry, and drywall finishers and heavy equipment operators in construction industry. In these industries, small amounts of silica containing materials cause to have low concentrations of airborne respirable silica (9). The ferrous foundry industry would not be able to agree with the PEL of 25ÃŽ ¼g/m3 without using the respirators. In the ferrous foundry industry silica is used and recycled to create castings and there is a big amount of silica dust during the process of recycling. Also, the high level silica dust is generated during the shakeout process. The engineering controls determine the exposures below 50ÃŽ ¼g/m3, but the exposure above 25ÃŽ ¼g/m3 still occur. Therefore, the engineering controls in place, reported the exposure range of 13 ÃŽ ¼g/m3 53 ÃŽ ¼g/m3, with many of the reported exposures above 25ÃŽ ¼g/m3(9). The construction industry is similar to the ferrous industry with regarding the generation of dust. Thus, the engineering controls cannot comply to maintain exposures at or below the alternative PEL of 25ÃŽ ¼g/m3. 3.3. Cost of compliance In this section the detailed assessment of the costs to establishments in all affected industry sectors was provided for supporting of the proposed silica rule of reducing worker exposures to silica to an eight-hour time-weighted average (TWA) permissible exposure limit (PEL) of 50ÃŽ ¼g/m3.Table 1 describes the annualized costs of the proposed rule by cost category for general industry, maritime, and construction. The cost is including the engineering controls, respirators, exposure assessment, medical issue, training and regulating areas or access control. Table 1. Annualized Compliance Costs for Employers in General Industry, Maritime, and Construction Affected by OSHA’s Proposed Silica Standard (2009 dollars) (13) Table 1 depicts the total annualized costs of the proposed rule, $132.5 million by general industry, $14.2 million by maritime, and $511.2 million by construction. So, considering the economic feasibility, OSHA standards are economically feasible so long as their costs do not threaten the existence of, or cause massive economic dislocations within, a particular industry or alter the competitive structure of that industry. For example, firms that want to have a profitable line of business may have to increase prices to stay viable. Increases in prices typically result in reduced quantity demanded, but rarely eliminate all demand for the product. This decrease in the total production of goods and services results in smaller output for each establishment within the industry or the closure of some plants within the industry, or a combination of the two, is dependent on the cost and profit structure of individual firms within the industry. So, the economic matter is the controversial subj ect to discuss and there are always some contradictions in companies to accept the cost of new proposed PELs. Conclusion The limitations in the characterization of the precision of the analytical method preclude the Agency from proposing a PEL of 25ÃŽ ¼g/m3. First, the measurement error increases by about 4 to 5 percent for a full-shift sample taken at 25ÃŽ ¼g/m3 compared to one taken at 50ÃŽ ¼g/m3, and the error would be expected to increase further as filter loads approach the limit of detection. Second, for an employer to be virtually certain that an exposure to quartz did not exceed 25 ÃŽ ¼g/m3 as an exposure limit, the exposure would have to be below 21 ÃŽ ¼g/m3 given the error of  ±16 percent calculated from the OSHAs Salt Lake Technical Center (SLTC) study. Based on the information presented in the technological feasibility analysis, the Agency believes that 50 ÃŽ ¼g/m3 is the lowest feasible PEL. An alternative PEL of 25ÃŽ ¼g/m3 would not be feasible because the engineering and work practice controls identified to date will not be sufficient to consistently reduce exposures to levels below 25 ÃŽ ¼g/m3 in most operations most of the time. OSHA believes that an alternative PEL of 25ÃŽ ¼g/m3 would not be feasible for many industries, and that the use of respiratory protection would be necessary in most operations most of the time to achieve compliance. Additionally, the monetary matter is the controversial subject that raises many contradictions in firms to accept the new proposed PELs by OSHA. References 1. Beaudry C., Lavouà © J., Sauvà © J-F., Bà ©gin D., Senhaji Rhazi M., Perrault G., Dion C., Gà ©rin M., (2012), Occupational Exposure to Silica in Construction Workers: A Literature-Based Exposure Database, Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 10: 71–77. 2. www.osha.gov/Occupational Health/Projects/Crystalline Silica Exposure.htm 3. Esswein E. J., Breitenstein M., Snawder J., Kiefer, M., Sieber WK., (2013), Occupational Exposures to Respirable Crystalline Silica During Hydraulic Fracturing, Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 10: 347-356. 4. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), (2012), A Review of Human Carcinogens. Part C: Arsenic, Metals, Fibres, and Dusts. Lyon, France: IARC. 5. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Public Health Service (PHS), and the National Toxicology Program (NTP), (2011), Silica, Crystalline (Respirable Size). In Report on Carcinogens. Research Triangle Park, N.C.: DHHS, PHS, NTP, 377–379. 6. Mossman B. T., Jimenez L.A. , Bà ©rubà © K., Quinlan T., Janssen Y.M.W.,( 2011), Possible Mechanisms of Crystalline Silica-Induced Lung Disease, Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 10:1115-1117. 7. Hewett P., Morey S.Z., Holen B. M., Logan P. W., Olsen G. W., (2012), Cohort Mortality Study of Roofing Granule Mine and Mill Workers. Part I: Estimation of Historical Crystalline Silica Exposures, Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 9: 199-210. 8. Miles W. J., (2010), Issues and Controversy: The Measurement of Crystalline Silica; Review Papers on Analytical Methods , American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, 60:396–402. 9. www.osha.gov/silica/nprm.pdf. 10. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), (1974), NIOSH Criteria for a Recommended Standard: Occupational Exposure to Crystalline Silica. HEW (NIOSH) Pub. No.75–120. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, NIOSH. 11. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), (1997), Silica, Some Silicates, Coal Dust and Para-aramid Fibrils. IARC Monographs, Vol. 68. Lyon, France: IARC. 12. ACGIH, (2006), Silica, Crystalline: ÃŽ ±-Quartz and Cristobalite. Chemical Substances, 7th Edition Documentation. Cincinnati, Ohio: ACGIH. 13. U.S. Dept. of Labor, OSHA, Directorate of Standards and Guidance, Office of Regulatory Analysis, based on ERG (2007and 2013).

Aristotle, Connectionism, and the Brain :: Philosophy Psychology Papers

Aristotle, Connectionism, and the Brain Can a mass of networked neurons produce moral human agents? I shall argue that it can; a brain can be morally excellent. A connectionist account of how the brain works can explain how a person might be morally excellent in Aristotle's sense of the term. According to connectionism, the brain is a maze of interconnections trained to recognize and respond to patterns of stimulation. According to Aristotle, a morally excellent human is a practically wise person trained in good habits. What an Aristotelian theory of ethics and a connectionist theory of mind have in common is the assumption that the successful mind/brain has the disposition to behave appropriately in appropriate circumstances. According to Aristotle, the good person knows the right end, desires and chooses to pursue it, and recognizes the right means to it. Thus the good person's brain must be able to form certain moral concepts, develop appropriate behavioral dispositions, and learn practical reasoning skills. I shall arg ue that this collection of the brain's cognitive capacities is best accounted for by a connectionist theory of the mind/brain. The human condition is both material and moral; we are brain-controlled bodies with ethical values. My essay seeks to understand the relationship between our brains and our values, between how the brain works and how we make moral decisions. How can the brain be a mind, a conscious person? Recently, some philosophers have argued that human consciousness and cognitive activity, including even our moral cognition and behavior, can best be explained using a connectionist or neural network model of the brain (see Churchland 1995; Dennett 1991 and 1996). (1) Is this right? Can a mass of networked neurons produce moral human agents? I shall argue that it can; a brain can be morally excellent. A connectionist account of how the brain works can explain how a person might be morally excellent in Aristotle's sense of that term. 1. Connectionism The brain receives input and somehow transforms it into output. How does it do it? In part because of the extraordinary technological feats achieved using digital processing computers, the brain has often been interpreted as a symbol manipulator and its cognitive activities as the transformation of symbols according to rules. By contrast, recent successes with parallel distributed processing computers have encouraged a connectionist theory of mind which regards the brain as a pattern recognizer and its cognitive activities as the transformation of neuronal activation patterns; however, these pattern transformations are not rule-governed processes, but straightforwardly causal processes in which networked units (neurons) excite and inhibit each other's activation level.

Analysis of the Effects of Product Cannibalism

PRICING STRATEGY – CANNIBALISM AND NEW PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT – R. A. KERIN M. G. HARVEY J. T. ROTHE 1. My choice I have chosen to work on this topic for these reasons. For many years now, and mostly because of the economic crisis, a lot of « premium  » and mid-range brands have to compete against low-cost ones. In order to do this, some of these companies decided to launch low-cost brands to bring back lost customers.But I have already learned that this strategy can sometimes become a real threat for their premium brands: in fact, companies who do this can think that they bring new customers but unfortunately these customers are coming from their premium brand. Some real life examples are coming to me such as Coca-Cola Company who launched Coca-Cola light and Coca-Cola zero which was successful. How to avoid or reduce the brand cannibalization? What kind of strategy to develop? I hope that this article, even if it's a very old one, can answer these questions. . The su mmary The article starts be giving a definition of the cannibalization effect: we consider 2 different products (A and B) belonging to the same company – cannibalization means that (all other things equal), decreasing the price of product A will bring the sales decreasing of product B. This undesirable effect is occurring when the company, instead of launching a new product, prefer to reformulate one which already exists in an already created market. Authors are putting lights on two main consequences of cannibalistic strategy.The first one is positive, it allows to the company, through the new product, to open a new market, and thus gain market shares. The second seems to be negative, because customers of the first company's product can switch to the second, and it will not bring any additional revenue to the company. But, as authors underline, sometimes it's better for the company to see customers moving from the first product to the second one inside the same portfolio tha n reaching the competitor's product.So, cannibalism strategy can be a good way for the company to kill competitors, but the risk is huge if the new product creates an artificial segmentation which implies artificial needs. The distortion effect of cannibalism is the second main part of the article. Basically, it means that in order to appreciate the profitability of the new product, you must take in account cannibalization of the first one. Authors are talking about  « Pyrrhic Victory  » when one's overestimate the growth of the sales volume and market share due to the new product.Authors provide a solution to avoid this bas effect of cannibalism: the market test. For them it's the best method to know what need(s) the new product will fulfill when it will be launched. This method can help managers to identify (the most early as possible) what amount of the new product should be produced in order to reduce the cannibalization. The question of the  « acceptable  » level of can nibalization is evoked: the two main drivers to compute it are according to the authors the cost structure and market maturity. 3. My opinionOne of the main lessons I learned reading this article is that cannibalism can really be a positive thing for companies. Even if customers of the new product are indeed customers who switched from the previous one, they still not competitor's customers. Far to be a threat, the cannibalism strategy can really be useful and great for companies, especially, as I said in my first part, in time of crisis. Then I think, the article could provide more examples of  « positive  »or  « negative  » cannibalization. The example of Coca-Cola provided at the beginning of this memo is revelatory of the « positive  » cannibalization.In fact, a lot of different soda beverages belong to the Coca-Cola company (such as for instance Fanta, Minute maid or Coca-Cola). In 1983, Coca-Cola company launched Coca-Cola light, which tastes different from the ori ginal Coca-Cola but sugar free ; and then, at the beginning of 2000†², Coca zero was launched which was supposed to have the same taste as Coca-Cola original, and still sugar free. Even if Coca- Cola light lost many customers who switched to Coca zero, they still  « inside  » the same company and not moved to competition.This kind of strategy was learned in our Brand management course that sometimes it consists in creating a similar product can extend the market share of both products. Named the Flanker strategy, the two products are belong not only to the same company but also to the same product category. This strategy has many advantages: it's often almost free to market, as it's very close to the first product and using the same brand, and it was noticed that it's also a good way to promote both products and brands.

Strengthening Federal Clean Air Standards

For Californians, not a day goes by without hearing some remark referring to smog or the quality of the air they breathe. One becomes accustom to shrugging such remarks off without a second thought after a while. Sure the air is getting cleaner, manufactures and people alike seem to be doing all they can do to clean up the air they breathe. Clean air folks are starting to be labeled as reactionaries. As with every organized group there are those among them that deserve such labels, but when it comes down to the air which people have to breathe very day, extra emphasis is a good thing. Federal and local regulations along with public support are responsible for substantial gains in air quality in the last ten years. â€Å"Air quality in Southern California continues to improve, with 1995 registering some of the lowest levels in decades. Yet Southern California still experiences the worst air quality in the nation requiring continued diligence to meet air quality standards† These improvements provide the grounds for continuing the battle for air quality instead of grounds for a pat on the back and job well done. Federal clean air standards should be strengthened. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) along with an arsenal of reputable agencies have drafted a plan known as the 1997 Air Quality Management Plan (AQMP) in which detailed summaries regarding current and future air quality measures are brought forward for critics and supporters alike to discern. It is in this plan along with supporting facts regarding beneficial economic gains and support from the medical community that make the case for continuous and stricter air quality standards. The 1997 AQMP sets fourth the guidelines in which the Federal government should set standards for state and local governments along with private agencies to impose and enforce. The focus of the plan comes as a result of new understanding regarding pollutants known as ozone and M10. This new information flows from countless scientific studies. For example, â€Å"Use of the most current air quality information (1995), including special particulate matter data from the PM10 Technical Enhancement Program† . There findings show direct links in ozone and the PM10 pollutants. In chapter three of the plan one can find the scientific data based on base year emission levels dating back to 1987 as they relate to current and future emission levels. Data clearly show's improvement in Southern California's quality of air in the ten year period between 1987 and 1997. The data also provides needed understanding of the major contributors to smog and other ozone depleting pollutants. Overall, total mobile source emissions account for 61 percent of the VOC and 88 percent of the Nox emissions for these two pollutants† The knowledge of this information has been a major factor in the control of these pollutants produced by the vehicles driven by millions everyday weather on the job or just tooling around town with the top down. While the information in this plan requires a good deal of scientific knowledge to understand the general message is clear. Populations are increasing which increases the demands placed on the environment. Without continual improvement regarding air quality there will be massive amounts of ozone depleting emissions created and unchecked in the environment. This plan should be imposed by the Federal government. It provides the method for promising futures not only for the environment but the economy as well. Along with the benefits in improved air quality that will result form the implementation of the 1997 AQMP substantial gains in technology will be achieved in the areas of zero emission vehicles and the development of alternative fuels. On-road motor vehicles which include passenger cars, light duty trucks, medium duty vehicles, heavy duty vehicles, and motorcycles, currently number approximately 10 million in the South Coast Air Basin. † If this seems an alarming number of vehicles of which contribute 61 percent of the VOC and 88 percent of the Nox emissions in the air; you better sit down. â€Å"In 1995 these vehicles traveled more than 300 million miles per day, and by the year 2010, vehicle miles traveled is projected to be about 380 million miles per day† . This is an alarming number of vehicles along with an alarming number of miles to boot. The implementation of the 1997 plan will require the sale of zero-emission vehicles beginning in 2003. This demand places immense pressure on the automotive industry to come up with suitable alternatives for the combustion engine. The technology gains from this industrial effort have already begun to show themselves at car shows throughout the country. All manufactures will benefit from this new technology, from those who produce the batteries that run them to manufacturers of the lightweight materials needed to produce such automobiles. The public reaps immediate gains from this technology such as the cell phone's carried by thousands of people every day in Southern California. Some of the most notable technologies include nickel metal-hydride, lithium-ion, and sodium-nickel chloride. Nickel metal-hydride batteries are responsible for the ability to constantly charge ones cell phone battery without it developing a memory position resulting in limited to no use of the battery at all. Lithium-ion batteries provide extended use of many battery operated items used in every day life such as flash lights, cameras, radios†¦ Honda and Toyota have announced they will introduce pilot fleets of electric vehicles with nickel metal-hydride batteries in 1988 . The examples in technological advancements that result from stricter air quality controls are endless and cannot be fully realized without implementation of the controls described in the 1997 AQMP. As if the available information thus far were not enough to support the EPA's plans for air quality, the medical community has stepped forward to support efforts for cleaner air as well. The proposed plan clearly benefits air quality and the economy through advances in technology. Support from the medical community will convince the stragglers that don't feel air quality and technology will directly benefit themselves. â€Å"Dr. Barry S. Levy, American Public Health Association president and an environmental health physician, called today for the adoption of EPA's proposed regulations to lower levels of particulate (soot) matter and ozone (a chemical that helps cause smog) in the air. This effort will protect children and adults from illness, disability and death, and reduce health care costs by billions of dollars† . Public health is of major concern when it comes to the environment. The air people breath daily is vital to their existence and the quality of that air is one of the major factors to their quality of life. According to DR. Levy, â€Å"The proposed EPA standard are based on well-designed scientific studies that link adverse health effect to the fine particulate matter and ozone† . The American Public Health Association (APA) is considered on of the oldest and largest organizations devoted to public health. The APA credits itself with some of the top professionals in the field of public health. They have conducted more studies and published more information regarding public health than any other organization of its kind in the world so when they support the EPA's findings for stricter air quality control measures they speak for a vast majority of health professionals. Common sense requires one to feel a sense of dread at the possibility of death as a result of poor air quality. The EPA has built a sound case for enacting stricter air qualities and they have a great plan for its enactment. It is clearer now that the adoption of the 1997 AQMP has far reaching benefits for all. Scientifically sound evidence points to the reality of cleaner air from the plans enactment. Increases in technology will create economic growth and business opportunity. And finally health risks resulting from poor air quality can be substantially reduced for both children and adults. The 1997 AQMP also provides measures for meeting the standards proposed in its regulations. Through, â€Å"Intercredit Trading Program, Air Quality Investment Program and Promotion of Catalyst-Surface Coating Technology Programs for Air Conditioning Units. These measures are designed to enhance compliance flexibility, to facilitate the implementation of the command and control measures† . The command and control measures of the plan are simply implementation and enforcement policies which incorporate assistance and rewards for complying to regulations. Most of these programs are already successfully being operated at the present time. There is also an Air Quality Assistance Fund which has been enacted to help small businesses comply with stricter emission regulations. The plan provides a â€Å"loan guarantee for up to 90 percent of the loan amount, ranging from a minimum of $15,000 to a maximum of $250,000† . Money can be used for retrofitting operations to the point of complying with any portion of the AQMP. A study conducted buy Dr. Steven Meyer, director of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Project on Environmental Politics and Policy says, â€Å"‘Job growth–not job loss– is associated with stronger environmental policies. The 10 states with the strongest environmental policies appear to have experienced annual employment growth rates almost . 6 percent higher than those of the 10 states with the weakest environmental policies'†. Opponents of Federal regulations often rely on job scare tactics to kill a useful initiative such as the one proposed by the EPA but the facts are, jobs are created when improvements in technology are made. The plan provides a complete package from reasons for change through benefits of such changes right down to the actual implementation of its policy's. It provides areas of assistance for those who have trouble with compliance and places adequate emphasis on continued improvement in all areas regarding air quality. With regard to the health of the planet and the there is little reason remaining for the Federal government not to enforce stricter air quality measures.

Love and Relationship

Love and Relationship The word ‘love’ is observed to have distinct meanings in various settings and contexts. Different people from various cultural settings would tend to have different perceptions about love. Generally, love refers to some kind of inexplicable feeling which is felt by people towards others, probably those of the opposite sex. Relationship on the other hand would refer to the condition of people being connected or associated with each other.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Love and Relationship specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More We have all experienced love at one moment of life, but it is as though there is still much we don’t know about love itself. Humans have always asked inexplicable questions about love such as, â€Å"Why do we fall in love?† or â€Å"What makes us love others?† We may not necessarily have perfect answers for all the questions regarding love but there is no doubt tha t we have been closer to the right answers for most of these questions through the perception of psychologists. For instance, according to love psychologists, the reason as to why we fall in love will depend on our minds. The way our minds perceive love is what comes out to us as love. Sometimes, these perceptions may match with the perceptions of another person and in that case love is certain to be realized. Different groups of people have different views about love. Some communities would see it as something that would be contained in the eyes while others just associate it with blood thus the observations ‘love is in the eyes of the beholder’ and ‘blood is thicker than water’ respectively. However, some aspects in life have come up to disqualify these perceptions, making people to search for other alternative explanations. For instance, let us consider the situation of blind people. Does their incapability to see hinder them from loving? More importantl y, if love was really contained in the blood, will there be any cases concerning lost identities in life as we can see today? Having asked ourselves these questions, it would be easy for us to appreciate the psychological view of love that is determined by our minds as the perfect answer to most of the questions we frequently ask ourselves regarding love. The issue of love and what makes people fall in love has been a subject of debate all over the world for a very long time. There may never be false love as some thinkers would observe, but we are all informed of the many uncertainties associated with love nowadays. Think of someone who is strolling down the street without any specific focus or intention then suddenly, he bumps on a lady and it happens they fall in love at the first sight. How can this situation be explained? There is no other perfect manner we can explain this but through the ‘idea of the mind.’Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More What had just happened between the two people would depend on their brains. Single people; ones who are not in any relationship will always be in hunt for love and if someone fitting their criteria crosses their path, they will definitely be attracted to them and these feelings would trigger love instantly. The person in this example fell in love with the lady she met on the street owing to the opportunistic perceptions of his mind that he was single and he needed a lover. This is just what happens to many people in this world as far as love is concerned. As it would be observed, most people would appear to be crazy in love at the beginning of their relationship. This however is likely to change over the time and that fire would fade away as they continue seeing each other. They can even start having feelings of hate against each other. This is another stand which can be used to justify the hypothe sis in this argument. Most of the times, humans are misguided by their minds to make instant choices about love, instead of taking their time to think of the possible outcomes which are likely to arise later. This way, they end up making the wrong choices in what can be termed as ‘rushed love.’ This is a misunderstood situation that would be characterized by arguments and hate against each other come in the future. To avoid such situations, psychologists have observed a number of factors for people to consider before thinking of falling in love. First of all, we should try to establish a checklist about the things we expect to see in our future lovers and some of the aspects which can apply in the checklist might include behavior, appearance, and education. A checklist is more likely to guide us to the right people thus sparing us future disappointments in relationships. Through the observations of this topic, we get to learn the benefits of psychology in helping us com e into terms with some behaviors and processes of life. Through psychology, we can gain practical benefits regarding various aspects of life. Psychology is always certain to offer satisfying answers to most of the questions we may frequently ask ourselves about many things facing us in our daily lives. For instance, in the above case concerning love psychology would provide the right answers and the perfect guideline on how to go about it without regrets. This would help people make the right decisions thus avoiding future disappointments. In this case, we should see the capability of psychology in giving us the perfect guideline about sensitive issues of life.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Love and Relationship specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More

6 Disappeared LinkedIn® Partner Applications and What to Do About Them †Part II Amazon Reading List

6 Disappeared LinkedIn ® Partner Applications and What to Do About Them – Part II Amazon Reading List Are you an avid reader? It used to be that you could share your passion easily on LinkedIn with the Amazon Reading List application. With the disappearance of LinkedIn partner applications came the elimination of this option. Amazon Reading List was a valuable way to let people know what type of professional development you were engaged in, as well as to round yourself out as a human being (read any good novels lately?) Many people are wondering how to include a reading list on LinkedIn now that the old method has vanished. I was fortunate to have one of my fellow LinkedIn authors, Patrick Gallagher, (LinkedIn Secrets Revealed) do some research on this topic. He wrote to Amazon and received the following email: Thank you for using Reading List by Amazon and for your patience as we’ve worked to make your book information available after LinkedIn deprecated their application program. Your Reading List information has been preserved and is available for import on Shelfari.com. Shelfari is an Amazon-owned site that helps you keep track of the books you’ve read and are reading, discover new books and interact with other readers. Go to https://www.shelfari.com/addbooks. You can sign in to Shelfari using your Amazon account (or your existing Shelfari account). If you’re already a member, click â€Å"Import Books† from the Your Shelf drop-down on the home page. Click the â€Å"Import Books† from the Your Shelf drop down or go directly to: https://www.shelfari.com/addbooks and you will be guided through importing your books and reviews to your Shelfari bookshelf. I followed these instructions and the process was pretty straightforward. I went to the link provided, www.shelfari.com/addbooks, and created an account. I then entered the same link again and was brought to this screen: When I clicked on IMPORT next to Import Your LinkedIn Reading List, all I had to do was provide my LinkedIn password and my reading list showed up in Shelfari! I then clicked on the Account Settings tab and customized my Shelfari link: Now that I have a link, I can add it to my LinkedIn Profile using the new platform. Here’s how to add a link in the new LinkedIn: In the Summary section, click on the blue box with a + sign in the corner. You will be brought to a box where you can paste a link: After you paste the link, you can provide a title and description: Unfortunately, there’s a small glitch. When I clicked on the link, the following screen appeared: I had to click on Read Original to get to the actual Shelfari list, which looks like this: In Shelfari, you can add books you have read or that you are reading, rate them and review them. I won’t give a tutorial on the website since I think you can figure it out by poking around! If this all seems too complicated, you can do as Patrick Gallagher did and add the Projects section to your profile. You can then create a â€Å"project† called â€Å"Amazon Kindle Book Reading List† or something similar, and list your books there. Here’s Patrick’s list: Another option would be to create a document with your list of books and upload it to Box.net. You can then add a link to the Box.net file on your LinkedIn profile. I will cover more about Box.net in my next entry of this series. Stay tuned, and happy reading! Want to read How to Write a KILLER LinkedIn Profile on Kindle? Curious about Patricks book? Check it out here: Category:Archived ArticlesBy Brenda BernsteinJanuary 28, 2013 2 Comments Laveda says: June 24, 2014 at 7:27 am The nerd in me was thoroughly excited to read this article because the Amazon Reading List was one of my favorite LinkedIn apps and I was a little dishearten to see it wasnt there anymore. Thank you for finding other options to provide a reading list. Ill definitely add one later this week. In all honesty, I enjoyed viewing my LinkedIn network readings on my news feed. That I will always miss. Laveda Log in to Reply The Essay Expert says: June 24, 2014 at 8:16 am Thanks for your comment Laveda. With LinkedIns new Publishing platform, you should once again have easy access to educational content from your network! Log in to Reply

Spanish Phrases Using Sangre

Spanish Phrases Using Sangre Blood has long been a symbol of life, so it shouldnt come as a surprise that the Spanish word for blood, sangre, makes itself into a wide variety of phrases, many of which have little to do with blood in a literal sense. One such phrase - sangre azul, meaning blue blood - has even made its way into English in the form of blue-blooded. As a term referring to someone from higher social levels, the Spanish phrase originally referred to the visible blood veins of people with fair complexion. The following are some of the most common sangre phrases along with an example each of their usage. Alguien in these phrases means someone, while algo means something. Spanish Phrases Referring To Blood chuparle a alguien la sangre (literally, to suck the blood out of someone): to bleed someone dry. El sector pà ºblico es el drcula que chupa la sangre de este paà ­s. The public sector is the Dracula that is bleeding this country dry.helar la sangre (literally, to freeze the blood): to scare stiff, to curdle the blood. No es una gran pelà ­cula pero tiene un montà ³n de sustos y uno en concreto me helà ³ la sangre. It isnt a great film, but it has a ton of frightening moments and one of them in particular scared me spitless.No llegà ³ la sangre al rà ­o (literally, the blood didnt arrive at the river): Things didnt get all that bad. Pero no llegà ³ la sangre al rà ­o y con el paso de los meses, Federico volvià ³ a casa. But it didnt turn out all that bad, and with the passage of the months, Federico returned home.llevar algo en la sangre (literally, to carry something in the blood): to have something in ones blood. Mi hijo lleva la mà ºsica en la sangre. My son has music i n his blood.quemar la sangre a alguien (literally, to scald someones blood): to make someones blood boil; to cause someone to be extremely angry. Me quemaba la sangre cuando salà ­ del cine. My blood was boiling when I left the movie theater. (The verb encender can be used instead of quemar.) de sangre caliente: warm-blooded. Con algunas excepciones, todos los mamà ­feros y aves son de sangre caliente. With some exceptions, all mammals and birds are warm-blooded.de sangre frà ­a: cold-blooded. No se sabe si los pterosaurios eran animales de sangre frà ­a. It is unknown whether pterosaurs were cold-blooded animals.de sangre ligera (literally, thin-blooded): having a likable personality. Aquà ­ descubrir el espà ­ritu jovial de los habitantes, gente de sangre ligera que vive con una actitud positiva. Here you will discover the cheerful spirit of the inhabitants, a likable people who live with a positive attitude. (This term is used primarily in Central and South America. The opposite term is de sangre pesada.)sudar sangre: to sweat blood, to put forth an extraordinary effort. Te prometo que sudarà © sangre, si es necesario, para llevarte hacia mi lado. I promise you that I will sweat blood, if necessary, to bring you to my side.tener mala sangre (literally, to have ba d blood): to have bad intentions, to be evil. Se necesita tener mala sangre para crear un virus destructivo. You have to be malicious to create a destructive virus. tener sangre de horchata (literally, to have the blood of horchata, a beverage often made from almonds, rice or tiger nuts): to be extremely calm, to have no feelings, to have the blood of a turnip. Normalmente en este tipo de situaciones tiene sangre de horchata. Normally under these circumstances hes very calm. (In some regions, the word atole, a corn-based drink, is used.)no tener sangre en las venas. (literally, to not have blood in the veins): for someone to not have any life (usually used figuratively in reference to emotions). El que pueda permanecer imperturbable y no baile con esta seleccià ³n es porque no tiene sangre en las venas. Anyone who can just stay still and not dance to this piece doesnt have any life in him.

Accounting for Management Decisions Research Paper

Accounting for Management Decisions - Research Paper Example In order to be highly competitive in the market, an organisation must be able to forecast future changes in customer needs and market trends. Organisations normally predict possible future market changes by assessing past and current market flows. For this purpose, an organisation deploys a number of business evaluation tools. Activity based costing, value chain analysis, and customer profitability are the three major frameworks that assist an organisation to evaluate its business flow. This paper conducts a detailed research to identify the core concepts, objectives, pros and cons, and applicability of each of these business evaluation methodologies. The paper includes an extensive literature review section and an analysis section. The major findings reflect that: †¢ Cost centre and cost driver are two core concepts of activity based costing †¢ Governance, innovation and upgradation, benchmarking, and product positioning are the key ideas of value chain analysis †¢ Cash flow, customer capital/equity, and customer as a real option constitute the core concepts of customer profitability †¢ The ABC approach greatly assists users to better identify their overheads with regard to activities and resources. †¢ The most advantageous feature value chain analysis is that this methodology assists its users to get a clear view of their core competencies The concept of customer profitability aids an organisation to identify its profitable customer groups and secure them from competitors. II. Introduction Today, organisations are widely using business evaluation tools like ABC, value chain analysis, and customer profitability analysis to evaluate their (organisations’) business feasibility and secure future profitability. Application of these tools assists firms to identify their pitfalls in supply chain activities, their potential strengths and weaknesses, and most profitable customer segments. Although all these three techniques are complex and time consuming, they are the best available tools to accurately evaluate a business concern. The ABC approach is mainly concerned with allocation of cost to various supply chain activities along with the firm’s resources whereas the value chain analysis explores activities that create value for the organisation and those do not create. The former method specifically focuses on profitability of each activity and process while the latter tries to define the organisation’s core competencies over its rivals. In contrast, the concept of customer profitability aids a firm to identify profits generated by its individual customers. All the three approaches are based on some core accounting and management concepts. The following sessions critically analyse these three business evaluation tools in detail. III. Literature review 1. Activity based costing Activity based costing (ABC) can be simply referred to a special costing approach that clearly identifies and defines activities in an organisation and allocates costs of each activity among all products and services based on actual consumption by each activity. According to the Consortium for Advanced Manufacturing-International (CAM-I), activity based costing is a costing model â€Å"that assigns cost activities based on their use of resources, and assigns costs to cost objects, such as products or custome rs, based on their use of activities† (Lewis, 1995, p.114). The ABC is a valuable accounting tool as it provides an organisation with more clear view of the product and process costs. This concept can be effectively employed to improve management decision making process and thereby promote the firm’

Korean Music Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Korean Music - Research Paper Example These sources offer more information pertaining to the music that was prevalent in the early days, although this has transformed over time making the present music contemporary in comparison to that from the ancient times. Currently, various groups have developed to direct to Kpop that has appreciably brought out transformations of the ancient music to music in the contemporary world (Allkpop). The attributes of this music give it the attributes of modern musical styles that bear no relation to the musical styles in the ancient times. Despite many transformations over the years, certain aspects of the old musical styles still exist to the current time. In accordance to Korean prosperous musical records that extended up to the fifteenth century, approximately six sources still exist. They hold over one hundred composers that offer the musical advancement within the Korean context a point of references. Korean music attracts interest to all people who may be students, musicians and mus icologist from different regions around the globe. This is because it presents some charm and beauty that is absent in most musical genres presented by other cultures. Practically, the pieces of music that still exist as well as song text have all been transcribed into different versions. However, these versions are still undertaken using the original tunes. Various pieces that were presented were undertaken as accompaniments or performed for court dances. Fifteenth century is deemed the renaissance period, since significant cultural advancements transpired during this epoch. Encouragement of developments in music and discovery of phonetic alphabets within the Korean context played a chief role in the elevation of the Korean music to the current state (Condit 13). This has been ascribed to King Sejong and is considered one of his greatest accomplishments. During this era, the music developed profoundly with the discovery of fresh arrangements of musical connotations. This arrangemen t or system enabled recording various components of the melodic and percussion instruments thus offering defined rhythm for various performed pieces. Progress in Korean music was achieved through continued interest that was shown by kings who succeed Sejong thus triggering refinement of notational systems introduced by the king (Condit 13). Consequently, music was made popular throughout the region offering it a part in undertaking of the Confucian rituals. Korean musical accounts commenced all through the fifth century and continued to develop throughout this interlude to the fifteenth century, which saw numerous developments in music. Colonization of Korea by their Japanese counterparts affected their music since it incorporated some Japanese aspects into their music. Splitting of Korea after WW1 is presented substantially in the music that Koreans adopted showing the divisions that occurred within the cultures. South Korea presented a vivacious and stylistically all-embracing mus ical verve compared to the other division that occurred after splitting of the Korean peninsula (Condit 13). Conversely, North Korea presented banal, which is official music that contained aspects of westernized style of light music. Korean customary music consists of various strands with the most formal strands being court, religious and aristocratic music. Court

Answer quesitons Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Answer quesitons - Essay Example This can cause confusion, and much worse. Sometimes people even use this confusion to promote their own goals, politically or otherwise. This is what has happened with the current climate change debate. An objective look and scientific data show that climate change is in fact happening, that, historically, a shifting climate rather than a stable climate is the norm on Earth, and there is a relationship between carbon in the atmosphere and global temperature – though there are also a great deal of complicating factors as well. On the one hand, it would appear that it is very difficult to establish a historical trend of world temperatures – we have only been measuring and recording temperatures for around the past one hundred and fifty years – before that we supposedly know very little. And on the surface this is true, we do not know exactly what temperature existed before the current period. But this belies the fact that there are excellent proxy measurements that have been shown to be relatively accurate when calibrated to current temperatures. We have ice-core samples that demonstrate how much snow has fallen in particular years, which can give a rough gauge of temperatures (National Research Council), as well as tree rings which show how well trees grew in a particular year (NRC). This data, when taken collectively and studied with statistical and scientific eye, can give a relatively accurate approximation of temperature over the last two thousand years. This can be combined with histori cal records (good and bad harvests, for instance, or records of when lakes and rivers freeze and when they do not), to be extra sure that the calibration is accurate, which has been done by several scientists/historians (Edwards 129). But this is something that lay people have a hard time understanding, which might cause some to doubt their findings. These

End of Cold War and Collapse of Soviet Union Essay

End of Cold War and Collapse of Soviet Union - Essay Example e 1980s in order to determine why the Soviet Union left Eastern Europe and the extent to which Gorbachev can be held responsible for the subsequent collapse of communism. Though the reasons for the collapse of communism in the CEE countries are numerous, Gorbachev is at the heart of the said event. Historians have examined the dramatic end of the Cold War almost since the day the Berlin Wall came crashing down. Some, most notably Karen Dawisha, predicted the event earlier. She released her book Eastern Europe, Gorbachev, and Reform in 1988, and understood that Gorbachev knew the regimes in Eastern Europe were illegitimate, placed in power by the Soviet Union on the coattails of the Red Army's entrance into the area during the closing days of World War II.2 However, she argued that if Gorbachev was serious in his intentions concerning noninterference in the affairs of sovereign states, then Eastern Europe would likely soon break away from the Soviet grasp and attempt to move west.3 Charles Gati theorized in his important work The Bloc that Failed: Soviet-East European Relations in Transition, that the Soviet Union lost control of Eastern Europe due to an extraordinary domestic crisis which consumed their attention and resources.4 Moreover, The Warsaw Pact was an ineffective mec hanism for collective security, according to Gati, since its member states each had different perceived enemies, oftentimes another member of the Warsaw Pact.5 Joseph Rothschild stated that the stability of Eastern Europe depended directly on the economic performance of the country in question.6 By the time Gorbachev came to power, he realized that a serious overhaul of the system was necessary due to the flagging economies of the Eastern Europe satellite states, in crisis before but never this severely. Like Charles Gati, Rothschild stated that by the 1980s, Eastern Europe had broken out of the conformist mold placed on it after World War II by Joseph Stalin, and each country began to pursue its own different interests.7 Thus the "Soviet bloc" was a collection of different states each moving in its own direction; Gorbachev had very limited choices, and ultimately let them Return to Diversity. These views hold to the tenet that the breakup of the Soviet bloc was due to internal fact ors in the countries of Eastern Europe.8 Other authors have studied the internal demise of the Soviet Union, placing the emphasis on themes ranging from the nationalities problem to incorrect decisions by the General Secretary. Helene Carrere d' Encausse examined the former in her work The End of the Soviet Empire, in which she chronicled the difficulty of governing an empire

Vehicle Steering Wheel Heart Rate Monitor Assignment

Vehicle Steering Wheel Heart Rate Monitor - Assignment Example The system would be configured to contact emergency medical services providing the location of the patient and it can apply brakes to vehicle to prevent an accident. This system will require the following components for its successful implementation. The first one is a device that reads the driver’s heart rate from the grip of the steering wheel. These devices function by either counting pulses or recording the electrocardiogram signal. Secondly, it will be necessary to have a microcontroller for purposes of analyzing and processing signals from the device that records the heart rate. Thirdly, a device for providing voice alerts to the drowsy driver would be necessary. Similarly, a system mean for use by persons with medical conditions would require a GSM gadget for making calls to the emergency doctor would be required. It is also possible to have the alerting and medical emergency systems integrated into a single system. Figure 1: A block diagram for a vehicle’s steer ing wheel with a heart rate monitor The core of this system is the microcontroller. For the microcontroller to provide the intended functionalities, it has to be loaded with appropriate software. Such software can be written in a programming language such as C or C++. The program will be checking the input from the heart rate monitoring device and determining the appropriate output for the system if any output is required. For instance, if the heart beat reaches a level indicating that a driver is asleep, the microcontroller should send the appropriate signal to the voice alert system. This system has the benefit of saving lives in various ways. Firstly, the system reduces the chances of an accident due to a driver sleeping while driving. Without this system, there are chances of the driver causing an accident, which can result in the loss of his life, the lives of other people such as pedestrians or his life with that of another person. Secondly, the system, if implemented to monit or cardiac arrests, can help save the life of a patient by contacting a doctor immediately on behalf of the driver. Moreover, this system could also act on the brake system of the vehicle, hence preventing an accident from occurring. As a result, this would save lives and prevent of damage to property. Problems The two major problems that can be associated with drowsy drivers are the possibility of freewheeling as he or she falls asleep and the variation of blood pressure with different drivers, who use such a vehicle, during sleep. Considering that the heart beat can reduce with a percentage between ten and twenty, the system can provide wrong outputs for different drivers using the same car. For instance, this system could be installed on a car whose normal blood pressure is 130/80 mmHg, which reduces by 20% when he is drowsy. Therefore, the blood pressure for this driver when he is asleep would be 104/64 mmHg. The system could be configured to alert this driver that he is dosing off when his blood pressure reduces by about fifteen percent, whose numerical value is 111/68 mmHg. However, if a different person drives the car that has this system installed, the system could provide false outputs. For example, let us assume that the new driver has his blood pressure

Case study of Union carbide and Bhopal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Case study of Union carbide and Bhopal - Essay Example Most Americans considering its controversial nature overwhelmingly waited for the verdict on Martha Stewart’s case on 27th, December 2001.However, the question on whether Stewart committed the crime is open to question. Martha Stewart was found at fault for selling her ImClone shares. The US attorneys accused her of obstructing fairness and that she was deceitful to investigators. According to attorneys, Stewart was blameworthy of insider trading. I strongly do not accept as true that Stewart committed an insider trading crime given that she acted on her stockbroker’s knowledge. Sam Waksal, the ImClone CEO did not either clue-up Stewart or her stock brokers the defiance of Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to appraise the untried cancer drug, Erbitux. Fascinatingly, Sam, on selling his shares, was just speculating on the decision that could be taken by FAD. He did not have the packed information and for that, could not reveal any to Stewart. Decisively, Martha did not commit insider-trading crime (Drew 707-708). Tight spot is whether the US Attorneys and the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) used good decision in indicting Martha Stewart. Stewart, having been advised by Bacanovic who was her stockbroker to sell her shares if ImClon shares fall below $60 saved $ 45,673. Banacovic complained that his worksheet had been altered but was considered malice. Although, SEC filed a civil complaint against Stewart, the resolution arrived at in indicting her is doubtful. The issue was supposed to be inside trading but was twisted to conspiracy, obstruction and lying to the investigators. Martha overtly denied accusations against inside trading. Though she got a call that Sam was selling her shares and went ahead to sell her shares too before calling Sam, she was not a victim of inside trade. She just relied on her friend’s trustworthiness. Prosecutors must have had additional motive for pursuing the case. Instead of filling a suit of inside tr ade against Stewart, which was supposed to be a criminal case, the issue of inside trade was left and the suit was certainly turned to a civil case. The prosecutor must have had a motive of proving a point to the public that even celebrities cannot escape the rule of law. There was no enough evidence to rule the case. The government simply wanted to show that it was strict on business crime (Drew 708-710). I certainly do not concur with the jury that Martha was guilty beyond reasonable doubt. How even in a nonprofessional’s language, can failure to provide evidence by an individual’s guilt be termed as obstruction of justice? Surprisingly, no one stood on the courtroom as a casualty of Stewart’s action. The fact that Stewart kept mum was not enough to declare her guilty. Stewart postulates that she acted upon receiving information that Sam was selling his stock. The information that she got was from a competent individual whom she solely depended on for guidance when it comes to stock matters. Upon hearing the information, she decided to sell her stock. Like any other individual, she could have not waited any further but to save her money before loss. In addition, Sam although he was the CEO of ImClone, did not receive any information from the Food and Drug Administration that their drug was going to be rejected. He further did not leak any information to Stewart that could make her gain inside knowledge about the

Vehicle Steering Wheel Heart Rate Monitor Assignment

Vehicle Steering Wheel Heart Rate Monitor - Assignment Example The system would be configured to contact emergency medical services providing the location of the patient and it can apply brakes to vehicle to prevent an accident. This system will require the following components for its successful implementation. The first one is a device that reads the driver’s heart rate from the grip of the steering wheel. These devices function by either counting pulses or recording the electrocardiogram signal. Secondly, it will be necessary to have a microcontroller for purposes of analyzing and processing signals from the device that records the heart rate. Thirdly, a device for providing voice alerts to the drowsy driver would be necessary. Similarly, a system mean for use by persons with medical conditions would require a GSM gadget for making calls to the emergency doctor would be required. It is also possible to have the alerting and medical emergency systems integrated into a single system. Figure 1: A block diagram for a vehicle’s steer ing wheel with a heart rate monitor The core of this system is the microcontroller. For the microcontroller to provide the intended functionalities, it has to be loaded with appropriate software. Such software can be written in a programming language such as C or C++. The program will be checking the input from the heart rate monitoring device and determining the appropriate output for the system if any output is required. For instance, if the heart beat reaches a level indicating that a driver is asleep, the microcontroller should send the appropriate signal to the voice alert system. This system has the benefit of saving lives in various ways. Firstly, the system reduces the chances of an accident due to a driver sleeping while driving. Without this system, there are chances of the driver causing an accident, which can result in the loss of his life, the lives of other people such as pedestrians or his life with that of another person. Secondly, the system, if implemented to monit or cardiac arrests, can help save the life of a patient by contacting a doctor immediately on behalf of the driver. Moreover, this system could also act on the brake system of the vehicle, hence preventing an accident from occurring. As a result, this would save lives and prevent of damage to property. Problems The two major problems that can be associated with drowsy drivers are the possibility of freewheeling as he or she falls asleep and the variation of blood pressure with different drivers, who use such a vehicle, during sleep. Considering that the heart beat can reduce with a percentage between ten and twenty, the system can provide wrong outputs for different drivers using the same car. For instance, this system could be installed on a car whose normal blood pressure is 130/80 mmHg, which reduces by 20% when he is drowsy. Therefore, the blood pressure for this driver when he is asleep would be 104/64 mmHg. The system could be configured to alert this driver that he is dosing off when his blood pressure reduces by about fifteen percent, whose numerical value is 111/68 mmHg. However, if a different person drives the car that has this system installed, the system could provide false outputs. For example, let us assume that the new driver has his blood pressure

Article review in fashion industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Article review in fashion industry - Essay Example However, this may not be always easy for the companies to know what designs offends or goes against cultural beliefs and practices of an individual society2. However, there are certain ways that designers can avoid conflicts and offending others using their designers3. For instance in the case of Urban Outfitters, in the controversy regarding the grey and white striped pattern combined with a pink triangle, may be the Company would have changed the color of the stripes and the triangle shape to a different one, and that way it would not have offended anyone. Also, in cases of ‘Punk as F**k Shirt’ and ‘Pro-booze Shirts for Kids,’ Urban Outfitters would have avoided using offending logos, in particular, to the parents who always wish that their children would not suffer due to negative fashion influences. I believe that it is possible to convince the market people on any controversy, but if only it is not repeated several times. Furthermore, asking for genuine apology can make the market people change their attitude and perceive the apologizing party as sensitive, and thus forgive

Contemporary Issues In Business Commerce Essay

Contemporary Issues In Business Commerce Essay 1.0 Introduction This report is based upon a critical evaluation of British Airways in response to a matter in contemporary issues in business. The report will first identify the issues to British Airways and then evaluations on how British Airways is dealing the issue by the means of using academic research critically. 2.0 History of British Airways The British Airways group consists of British Airways plc and a number of subsidiary companies including British Airways Holidays Limited. British Airways is a worlds leading airlines with a group that supply passenger and freight services to 149 destinations in 72 countries. In 2004/05, the company carried over 35 million passengers and nearly 900,000 tonnes of cargo. Its airline network is based in the United Kingdom, where 85% of its 47,500 workforce is found. The mission of the group is to deliver a service that matters for people who care how they fly. To welcome this, the company recognises the importance of working in partnership with its stakeholders. This has influenced its approach to business social responsibility. Its approach has also been influenced by the acknowledgment that airlines generate major social and economic benefits, but also have significant impacts on the environment (for example, noise and air quality) and on areas around airports. British Airways (2010) 3.0 Findings 3.1 The External Environment 3.1.1 The general environment This represents the outer layer of the environment. These dimensions influence the organisation over time but often are not involved in day to day transactions with it. The dimensions of general environment include international, technological, sociocultural, economic and legal-political. 3.1.2 The international dimension This dimension of the external environment represents events originating in foreign countries as well as opportunities for U.S companies in other countries. The international environment provides new competitors, customers, and suppliers and shapes social, technological, and economic trends, as well. Today, every company including BA has to compete on a global basis. High quality, low priced automobiles from Japan and Korea have permanently changed the American automobile industry. In cell phones and handhelds, US based companies face stiff competition from Koreas Samsung, Finlands Nokia and Taiwans High Tech Computer Corporation (HTC). For many US companies, such as Starbucks and Wal-mart, domestic markets have become saturated and the only potential for growth lies overseas. E-commerce organisations too are making international expansion a priority. The US share of worldwide e-commerce is falling as foreign companies set-up their own e-commerce ventures. This is the case for BA where they have to compete with foreign airlines offering similar services. Kotter (1979) The most dramatic change in the international environment in recent years is the shift of economic power to china and India. Together, these countries have the population, brainpower and dynamism to transform the twenty first century global economy. If things continue on the current track, analysts predict that India will overtake Germany as the worlds third largest economy within three decades and that china would overtake the US as number 1 by mid century. In china, per capita income has tripled in a generation, and leaders are building the infrastructure for decades of expansion, as reflected in the countrys hunger for raw materials. In 2005, china represented roughly 47 percent of the global cement consumption, 30 percent of coal and 26 percent of crude steel. No one can predict the future, but it is clear that however things in India and china shake out, US and other western firms have no choice but to pay attention. This could be an area BA could go into and grow. Daft (2009) The global environment represents a complex, ever changing and uneven playing field compared with the domestic environment. Managers who are used to thinking only about the domestic environment must learn new rules to remain competitive. When operating globally, managers have to consider legal, political, sociocultural and economic factors not only in their home countries but in various other countries as well. For example, the rising consumer class in china and India plays a growing role in setting the standards for high tech products and services such as cell phones, multimedia gadgets and wireless web services. 3.1.3 The technological dimension This includes scientific and technological advancements in a specific industry as well as in society at large. In recent years, this dimension created massive changes for organisations in all industries. Twenty years ago, many organisations didnt even use desktop computers. Today, computer networks, internet access, handheld devices, videoconferencing capabilities, cell phones, fax machines and laptops and the minimum tools for doing business. A new generation of handhelds allows users to check their corporate email, daily calendars, business contacts and even customer orders from anywhere theres a wireless network. Cell phones can now switch seamlessly between cellular networks and corporate wifi connections. This dimension for BA is crucial as it uses new technology all the time to maximise efficiency. Daft (2009) 3.1.4 The economic dimension This represents the general economic health of the country or region in which the organisation operates. Consumer purchasing power, the unemployment rate, and interest rates are part of an organisations economic environment. Because organisations today are operating in a global environment, the economic dimension has become exceedingly complex and creates enormous uncertainty for managers. The economies of countries are more closely tied together now. For example, the early 2000s economic recession and the decline of consumer confidence in the US affected economies and organisations around the world. Similarly, economic problems in Asia and Europe had a tremendous impact on companies and the stock market in the US. One significant recent trend in the economic environment is the frequency of mergers and acquisitions. Citibank and Travelers merged to form Citigroup, IBM purchased Pricewaterhouse Coopers Consulting, and Cingular acquired ATT wireless. BA is also considering merging with a foreign airline to help get through the economic downturn. Cope (1998) 3.1.5 The legal-political dimension This includes government regulations at the local, state, and federal levels, as well as political activists designed to influence company behaviour. The US political system encourages capitalism, and the government tries not to over regulate business. However, government laws do specify rules of the game. The federal government influence organisations through various administrations and agencies. Many organisations also have to contend with government and legal issues in other countries. The European Union adopted environmental and consumer protection rules that are costing American companies hundreds of millions of dollars a year. Companies such as Hewlett Packard, Ford motor company and General Electric have to pick up the bill for recycling the products they sell in the EU, for example. Pressure groups also work within the legal political framework to influence companies to behave in socially responsible ways. This is area is changing all the time because of threat of global warm ing and the need for governments to do something, and so it affects BA. Daft (2009) 3.1.6 Task environment A corporations scanning of the environment should include analyses of all relevant elements in the task environment. Managers need to consider the competitive environment, also referred to as the task environment or industry environment. The profitability of the firm and the nature of competition in the industry are more directly influenced by developments in the competitive environment. 3.1.7 Industry Analysis Industry group of firms producing a similar product or service. The firm interacts with a more specific environment, the industry. Four main components that exert influence on industry: 1. Suppliers 2. Competitors and potential substitutes 3. Potential entrants 4. Buyers 3.1.8 Competitors, potential substitutes and potential entrants The number of firms operating within the industry as well as the number of firms wishing to enter the industry is regulated by barriers to entry which determine continued participation in and/or exit from the industry. Some of the constraints are the rate of industry growth, the level of fixed costs, and the degree of differentiation. Potential competitors are not limited to firms considering to offer exactly the same or differentiated products or services, substitutes to the existing products and services are also a potential threat. Substitute products/services may co-exist with the present range of products and services or may render the present range obsolete. 3.1.9 Buyers and Suppliers The competitive situation of business firms is influenced by the nature of its transactions with its buyers and suppliers. Buyers exert their power in the industry when they force down prices, bargain for higher quality or more services, and play competitors against each other. Suppliers can exert bargaining power over participants in an industry by threatening to raise prices or reduce the quality of purchased goods or services. In addition, we usually think of suppliers as other firms. But labour has to be recognized as a supplier as well one that exerts great power in many industries. 3.2 The organisation Environmental Uncertainty Organisations must manage environmental uncertainty to be effective. Environmental characteristics that influence uncertainty are the number of factors that affect the organisation and the extent to which those factors change. When external factors change rapidly, the organisation experiences high uncertainty. Companies have to make an effort to adapt to the rapid changes in the environment. Adapting to the environment If an organisation faces increased uncertainty with respect to competition, customers, suppliers or government regulations managers can use several strategies to adapt to these changes, including boundary-spanning roles, interorganisational partnerships and mergers or joint ventures. Boundary-spanning roles Boundary Spanning is concerned with the detection of information. It has two primary roles 1) to detect information and bring it into the organisation. 2) Send information into the environment presenting the company in a favourable light. There are two main sources of information 1) business intelligence which is information about the general environment. 2) Competitive Information which is information about an organizations competitors. Interorganisational partnerships An increasingly popular strategy for adapting to the environment is to reduce boundaries and increase collaboration with other organisations. North American companies have typically worked alone, competing with one another, but an uncertain and interconnected global environment has changed that tendency. Companies are joining together to become more effective and to share scarce resources. Head to head competition among independent firms is giving way to networks of alliances that compete for business on a global basis. Mergers and joint ventures A step beyond strategic partnerships is for companies to become involved in mergers or joint ventures to reduce environmental uncertainty. A frenzy of merger and acquisition activity both in the US and internationally in recent years is an attempt by organisations to cope with the tremendous volatility of the environment. A merger occurs when two or more organisations combine to become one. A joint venture involves a strategic alliance or program by two or more organisations. This usually occurs when a project is too complex, expensive, or uncertain for one firm to handle alone. BA is considering a merger with a foreign airline to help cope with the economic uncertainty. 3.3 The Internal Environment: Corporate Culture Corporate culture refers to the shared values, attitudes, standards, and beliefs that characterize members of an organization and define its nature. Corporate culture is rooted in an organizations goals, strategies, structure, and approaches to labour. As such, it is an essential component in any businesss ultimate success or failure. [It] is an unwritten value-set that management communicates directly or indirectly that all employees know and work under, stated John OMalley in Birmingham Business Journal. It is the underlying soul and guiding force within an organization that creates attitude alliance, or employee loyalty. A winning corporate culture is the environmental keystone for maintaining the highest levels of employee satisfaction, customer loyalty, and profitability. Every company has a culture, though not every culture is beneficial in helping a company reach its goals. A healthy corporate culture is one in which employees are encouraged to work together to ensure the success of the overall business. Developing and maintaining a healthy corporate culture can be particularly problematic for entrepreneurs, as the authoritarian practices that helped establish a small business often must be exchanged for participatory management strategies that allow it to grow. An Increasing Emphasis on Culture Since the 1980s, several factors have led businesses to evaluate corporate culture alongside such traditional hard measures of corporate health as assets, revenues, profits, and shareholder return. One such factor is the transition from a manufacturing-based to a service-based economy, with the corresponding shift in emphasis from the quality of a material product to the quality of business relationships. Another factor is the need for American businesses to compete in a global marketplace against international rivals whose corporate cultures are distinct but demonstrably effective. A related factor is the need for many businesses to successfully adapt to technological advances in the marketplace or acquisitions/mergers that require assimilation of previously separate business entities. Corporate culture affects many areas of a firms operations. One broad area of corporate culture involves corporate citizenship-the companys relationship to the larger environment. In this area, a companys culture helps determine its overall ethics and attitude toward public service. A second broad area of corporate culture involves human resource management. A companys culture affects a variety of human resource policies and practices, including the nature of interaction between managers and employees, the responsiveness to diversity issues in the workplace, and the availability of flextime and telecommuting options, safety and training programs, and health and recreation facilities. In a smoothly functioning organization, all such policies and practices foster an internally consistent corporate culture. Daft (2009) 3.4 Environment and Culture In considering what cultural values are important for the organisation, managers consider the external environment as well as the companys strategy and goals. Studies suggest that the right fit between culture, strategy, and the environment is associated with four categories or types of culture. These categories are based on two dimensions:1) the extent to which external environment requires flexibility or stability; and 2) the extent to which a companys strategic focus is internal or external. The four categories associated with these differences are adaptability, achievement, involvement and consistency. The adaptability culture emerges in an environment that requires fast response and high risk decision making. Managers encourage values that support the companys ability to rapidly detect, interpret and translate signals from the environment into new behaviour responses. Employees have autonomy to make decisions and act freely to meet new needs and responsiveness to customers is highly valued. The achievement culture is suited to organisations concerned with serving specific customers in the external environment but without the intense need for flexibility and rapid change. This results oriented culture values competitiveness, aggressiveness, personal initiative and willingness to long and hard to achieve results. The involvement culture emphasizes an internal focus on the involvement and participation of employees to rapidly adapt to changing needs from the environment. This culture places high value on meeting the needs of employees and the organisation may be characterised by a caring, family like atmosphere. Managers emphasize values such as cooperation, consideration of both employees and customers and avoiding status differences. The final category of culture, the use of consistency culture, uses an internal focus and a consistency orientation for a stable environment. Following the rules and being thrifty are valued and culture supports and rewards a methodical, rational, orderly way or doing things. In todays fast changing world, few companies operate in a stable environment and most managers are shifting toward cultures that are more flexible and in tune with changes in the environment. Lewin (1989) Each of these four categories of culture can be successful. In addition, organisations usually have vales that fall into more than one category. This is the case for BA, who has values in all of the above. 4.0 Conclusion To conclude to this report, it has been evident that British Airways to take in consideration of several contemporary issues especially in the Environment and Corporate Culture. In other words, by BA becoming more adaptable to environment and culture it has and still is a booming success. After several failures, BA learnt its mistakes and overcome them. Today knowing the fact that BA, as a company, is one the leading corporate culture companies in the world. Moreover, BA can handle change and innovation extremely well. In other words BA is dealing with issues that are faced their way pretty well. However, there are a few issues that BA is up against such as implementing change, not everyone is happy for change specially if they are comfortable with the old. 5.0 References ADAAG Regulation (September 2002) online ADA Accessibility Guidelines for Buildings and Facilities, available from: http://www.access-board.gov/adaag/html/adaag.htm#4.33 [Accessed on 20/04/10] Apple Store-Store List. Apple Inc.. available grom: http://www.apple.com/retail/storelist/. [Accessed on 16/04/10] Bartol, KM, Martin, DC al et (2001) Management: A Pacific Rim Focus . 3rd edt. Roseville, NSW: Mc Graw-Hill Book Company, Pages 576-578 BBC (2010) Whats the BA dispute about? Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8413529.stm [Accessed: 14/09/10] Business Week (2008), How Nokia Drive Innovation available from: http://www.businessweek.com/globalbiz/content/apr2008/gb20080430_764271.htm accessed on [15/04/10] Business Week (2009) available from: http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/09_16/b4127046256572.htm [Accessed on 15/04/10] Business Week (2009) available from: http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/09_16/b4127046256572.htm [Accessed on 15/04/10] Burnes, B. (2004) Managing Change 4th edn. Harlow: FT Prentice Hall Cope M. (2003) Seven Cs of Consulting. 2nd ed, Harlow: FT Prentice Hall Daft, R.L. (2009) New Era of Management. Cengage. Dictionary, Bnet, [2009] available from: http://dictionary.bnet.com/definition/organizational+change.html [Accessed on 15/04/10] Dillion , A (1999) A study of Toyota production system., New York, Sheridon books. Glenn Peoples, Nashville (April 21, 2010) available from: http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/content_display/industry/e3i4062457efae56fa395d3a162524485be [Accessed on 20/04/10] Kotter, J Schlesinger, L. (1979) Choosing Strategies for Change. Harvard Business Review. 57(March). pp.106-114 Laurie A. Fitzgerald, Frans M. van Eijnatten, (2002), Chaos in organizational change, Journal of Organizational Change Management; Volume: 15 Issue: 4; 2002 Conceptual Paper Lewin, K. (1951) Field Theory in Social Science. Harper. MacRumors. January 27, 2010. Available from: http://www.macrumors.com/2010/01/27/apple-tablet-media-event-today-come-see-our-latest-creation/. [Accessed on 18/04/10] Mary (2009) online Cosmoloan, International Economy, Markets, http://www.cosmoloan.com/markets/how-the-recession-is-affecting-economies-around-the-world.html , [Accessed on 13/04/10] McKeown, Max (2008). The Truth About Innovation. London, UK: Prentice Hall. ISBN  0273719122.   Michael Arrington (April 2, 2010). The Unauthorized TechCrunch iPad Review. TechCrunch. Available from: http://techcrunch.com/2010/04/02/the-unauthorized-techcrunch-ipad-review/. [Accessed on 02/04/10]   Michael Oryl (January 22, 2009), Mobile Burn News available from: http://www.mobileburn.com/news.jsp?Id=6118 [Accessed on 20/04/10] Paczkowski, John (2010). Initial iPad Demand Greater Than Initial iPhone Demand. All Things Digital. availble from: http://digitaldaily.allthingsd.com/20100223/initial-ipad-demand-greater-than-initial-iphone-demand/. [Accessed on 07/04/10].   Ronald Rosenberg, Globe Staff (October 29, 1998 ) online HighBean Research, available from: http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-8503301.html , [Accessed on: 15/04/10] Saskin. M, and Burke. W. W, Organizational Development in the 1980s, General Management 13(1987): 393-417: and Richard Beckhard, What is Organization Development? In Organisation Development and Transformation:Managing Effective Change,1st ed.Wendell. L. French, Cecil H. Bell jr, Zawacki (BurrRidge, IL: Irwin McGraw-Hill 2000):97-115 Shiny Shiny (2010) available from: http://www.shinyshiny.tv/2010/03/apples_creative.html [Accessed on 28/04/10] Stephen P. And Mary C. (1996) Management 5th, San Diego State University

Loyalty to ones king Essay example -- Poetry Poem essays research pape

â€Å"As soon as the Cid caught sight of the King he ordered all his men to halt†¦He knelt down on his hands and knees on the ground and with his teeth he pulled up a mouthful of grass. With tears of joy streaming from his eyes he showed in this way his complete submission to his liege lord, Alfonso.† What would cause a grown man to act in such a manner? The Cid was the ruler of Valencia, and the leader of thousands of soldiers. The Cid has defeated countless enemies and have been victorious in all his wars, he could have been almost thought of as a man without fear. Yet, as soon as he caught sight of the King who has exiled him from his land, he broke down and acted like an animal in front of the King. The ‘loyalty’ and ‘respect’ the Cid has for King Alfonso is the deepest between any characters in the entire poem. Although loyalty and respect is the deepest between the Cid and King Alfonso, there is also a great amount of loyalty and respect a mong different characters also. Such as the Cid and his loyal vassal Minaya, the Cid to his wife Don Jimena, his two daughters Dona Elvira and Dona Sol, and the Cid to his army. Loyalty and respect are very important themes that progresses stronger and stronger throughout the poem, loyalty can do good and bad to loved ones, but in this poem, it eventually led to conflicts with severe consequences.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Cid stayed loyal to King Alfonso throughout the entire poem. Never once did the Cid say anything bad or offensive towards the King. Although King Alfonso ostracized the Cid from his land, the Cid still respected the King and stayed loyal to him. The Cid was framed by Count Garcia Ordonez, Ordonez accused the Cid of greed. Ordonez told the King that the Cid kept money from him, which upset the King and eventually led to the Cid being exiled from the land. After being exiled, the Cid left the land with a small army and conquered numerous enemies and land.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Even though King Alfonso was the one who sent the Cid away, the Cid tried to regain the position he once had in King Alfonso’s heart. In trying to do so, the Cid sent â€Å"thirty horses, all saddled and bridled, with swords hanging from their saddlebows.† King Alfonso was pleasantly surprised by such an action. This again proves the amount of loyalty and respect the Cid has for King Alfonso. Not only does he still remain loyal to the King, he even sends a great porti... ...uno Gustioz will fight in the Cid’s honor against the Infantes of Carrion: Fernando, Ansur, and Diego Gonzalez. The Cid’s three knights volunteered themselves for the battle and were not picked by the Cid. This shows the amount of loyalty and respect the Cid’s knights has for the Cid. The Cid’s knights were proud to defend their lord’s honor. All three of the Cid’s knights were victorious in all of their duels, and brought honor to the Cid and his family.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Loyalty and respect is a continuing theme in the poem. As the poem progresses, the theme of loyalty and respect evidently grows stronger and stronger. The Cid would not be a successful leader if he did not display such loyalty and respect to his troops. The Cid remained loyal to his king and his troops which paid off. By remaining loyal and fighting alongside his troops, he has gained loyalty back from his troops. The Cid led by example. Loyalty and respect is most evident between King Alfonso and the Cid, there are also strong signs of loyalty between Cid’s family and his vassals. Throughout the poem, Loyalty and respect proved to be good in many ways, but it can also cause harm to your loved ones if it is blind loyalty.

My Personal Goals :: essays research papers

My Personal Goals The personal goal  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  s I want to achieve as a student at University of Phoenix is to receive a college degree and make my mother proud. I know once that has been achieved, my future prospects are limitless. I am a product of a parent who grew up on welfare, but not only obtained her Bachelor’s degree, but went back to school two more times to obtain her Doctorate of Education. Her mother sacrificed plenty to send her to college and my mother always knew the power of education.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As my sister and I were growing up we would always listen to my mother tell stories about how she had to walk about 10 miles to and from school, but she was never discouraged. She would also tell us about having to go to the cotton fields on some days to work and then go to school. My mother worked at a very early age and saved for college any time she had extra money to spare. With the money my mother saved for college, the college fund my grandmother set up, and a partial scholarship, my mother was able to attend Prairie View A&M University. She decided to go into nursing, because she enjoyed helping people. After 4 very hard years, my mother graduated magna cum laude from college. She told us that was the best day of her and my grandmother’s life. My grandmother told her she was so proud of her.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Eight months after my mother’s graduation, my grandmother passed away. My mother was devastated, but she knew she had to go on because it was what her mother would want. One year later, my mother got married and moved to Salt Lake City, Utah where she found a job as a pediatric nurse at the Children’s Hospital. She worked at the hospital about a year and then decided to go back to school to receive her Master’s degree. Her husband was not happy with her decision to do such a thing, and was not supportive of her at all. At that time my mother realized she had made the best choice to go back to school because it was apparent her marriage would not last.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  My mother graduated sum cum laude from University of Utah and was divorced shortly thereafter. The relationship became so strained while she was in school, by the time she graduated; she and her husband had grown far apart.

Imagine you are a southern soldier

Today Is July 4th 1863, the day after the battle ended. Brother Bob and myself fought bravely under Confederate General Robert E. Lee. At the start of the whole thing we were quite confident in our ability to win due to the astounding victory at the Battle of Chancellorsville, Virginia, in May 1863.We all felt extremely good in the direction this was heading, as General Lee only intended to collect supplies from Pennsylvania farmland He also believed that we needed to leave poor Virginia alone, as the majority of the fighting had ccurred there already, Us Confederates only wanted to threaten those Yankees. stop everybody wanting to fight, but most importantly, win a battle on Yankee soil. That would teach them to respect our Southern pride and traditions. l, personally, dont necessarily want to be fighting all these other good men, but my Southern culture is being threatened.Surely you understand that Aunt Caroline. No one wants their lifestyle to be taken away from them. Anyway Aunt Caroline, let me tell you all about the fighting. We started ott Northwest ot the city ot Gettysburg, Pennsylvania on July 1st. s confederates were fighting with 30,000 men and we had the Yankees outnumbered by 10,000. we were able to defeat them the first day although we werent so lucky for the rest. On the 2nd day of fighting, the union army brought 90,000 men to fight our 70,000 confederates.The fighting seemed to stay back and forth all of the 2nd day but I believe that the union army still had the upper hand on us at the end of the day. On the 3rd day of fighting we were atop Culp's Hill ready to fight those Yankees! General Lee came up with the plan to charge the center of the union line on Cemetary Ridge with 12. 00 Confederate men. This attempt was destroyed by union rifle and artillery fire. and we took great losses to our Confederate army. Lee led our army on a torturous retreat back to Virginia.Everyone is guessing that around 51,000 men from both sides died in the past few days here. I'm so very thankful that myself and Brother Bob made it through the fighting easily. The only unfortunate thing is that I managed to stub my toe during the night and now have quite the nasty bruise. I cant wait to get home to everyone soon Aunt Caroline, but please pass on the message that everyone is safe. Wth Love, Jimmy imagine you are a southern soldier By annachristinelee Things were rough here at the battle of Gettysburg.Today is July 4th 1863, the day Lee only intended to collect supplies from Pennsylvania farmland. He also believed occurred there already. Us Confederates only wanted to threaten those Yankees, stop everybody wanting to fght, but most importantly, win a battle on Yankee soil. That would teach them to respect our Southern pride and traditions. l, personally, don't necessarily want to be fghting all these other good men, but my Southern culture is ifestyle to be taken away from them. Anyway Aunt Caroline, let me tell you all about the fghting.We started off Northwest of the city of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania on July 1st. Us confederates were fighting with 30,000 men and we had the Yankees outnumbered by 10,000. We were able to defeat them the first day although we weren't so lucky for the rest. On the 2nd day of fighting, the Union army brought 90,000 men to fight our 70,000 confederates. The fghting seemed to stay back and forth all of the 2nd day but I believe that the Union army still had the upper hand on s at the end of the day.On the 3rd day of fghting we were atop Culp's Hill ready to fght those Yankees! General Lee came up with the plan to charge the center of the Union line on Cemetary Ridge with 12,000 Confederate men. This attempt was destroyed by Union rifle and artillery fire, and we took great losses to our Confederate unfortunate thing is that I managed to stub my toe during the night and now I have quite the nasty bruise. I can't wait to get home to everyone soon Aunt Caroline, but please pass on the message t hat everyone is safe.