Effects of Zinc Deficiency

Effects of surface deprivationINTRODUCTIONZinc is a trace mineral that plays an indispens satisfactory role for human health because of its tiny anatomical structure in multiple enzymes that are involved in gene expression, cell development and income tax return (International Zinc Nutrition Consultative Group IZiNCG, 2007). Aside from its unique and extensive role in biological processes, zinc is essential for physiological processes including harvest-festival and development, and brain and immune function (Ackland and Michalczyk, 2006). More than 85% of do body zinc is found in skeletal muscle and bone (National Health and Medical seek Council NHMRC, 2006) as well as in the brain that plays a central role in the exertion of enzymes essential for RNA and DNA synthesis (Black, 1998).Zinc wish affects, on average, one-third of the worlds population ranging from 4 to 73% in different countries (Hotz and Brown, 2004). It has been estimated that zinc wishing is responsible fo r deaths of nearly 450,000 baby birdren beneath age 5 years old annually (Black et al, 2008). Similarly, zinc deficiency is accounted for 16% lower respiratory tract infections, 18% of malaria and 10% of diarrheal disease and more than 28 million aggregates to loss of disability-adjusted feeling years (DALYs). In total, 1.4% (0.8 million) of deaths worldwide were attributable to zinc deficiency 1.4% in males and 1.5% in females (WHO, 2012).Zinc deficiency is defined by short stature, hypogonadism, impaired immune function, skin disorders, cognitive dysfunction and anorexia (Prasad, 1991). Zinc deficiency is uncommon but a widespread problem across the globe (Ackland and Michalczyk, 2006). It has far-r distributivelying consequences, playing a contributing(prenominal) role to stunted growth in children (Brown et al., 2001) and causing abnormal cerebellar function and damage of behavioural and emotional responses (Henkin, 1975) in addition to morbidity from diarrhea, pneumonia and malaria (Shankar, 2000). Therefore, zinc deficiency compromises the development of children worldwide and is a regular(prenominal) public health concern (Gibson, 2005).Background of the StudyMicronutrients have been scientifically and technically discovered to mend the overall well-being of an individual and that deficiencies can cause a range of health and developmental problem. Zinc is one of the micronutrients that promote immunity, resistance to infection as well as growth and development of the awkward system.Zinc deficiency can lead to more frequent infections, reduce childrens ability to constrict and survive disease, and impair mental capacity. These risks remain serious as children grow and develop because they can non learn as well, and lose school days due to illness. Later in adulthood, it negatively affects physical energy and, therefore, productivity. cut down intellectual capacity undermines investments in education and perpetuates cycles of poverty, which is a world-shaking barrier to achieve economic growth and improved standards of living. In addition, intellectual ability is affected by bid which affects work capacity, physical and cognitive performance (Global Report, 2009).Zinc has the primary focus of scientific investigations related to linear growth which is intimately attached to nutrition. As a manifestation of chronic undernutrition, stunt has been linked to multiple adverse health outcomes that exceed beyond childhood into adult life (Souganidis, 2012). Recent evidences in any case suggest that zinc deficiency may be associated with deficits in activity, attention, and motor development that commonly occur in nutritionally deficient children (Souganidis, 2012) because it contributes to the structure and function of the brain (Black, 1998).According to the World Bank (2012), the Philippines ranks 48th out of 136 countries in terms of the prevalence of stunting and 32% of Filipinos are at risk for insufficient zinc whit e plague. Generally, zinc situation is of tall magnitude (20%) among infants and preschool children (6 months to 5 years), female adolescents (13 to 19 years), older persons (20 to Statement of the ProblemZinc deficiency has been a major micronutrient problem in the Philippines. It has been associated with linear growth and cognitive development. Zinc has also been related to compress due to their inhibitory factor with one another. The effect of zinc on physical growth occurs during the setoff 2 years of life with association to high rates of infection, inadequate nutrition and cognitive deficits. The succeeding(a) questions were highlighted in the study to examine the association of zinc lieu to nutritional status, press out status and cognitive development as well as possible risk factors of zinc deficiency in 2 to 3 year old children in Laguna, Philippines.What are the socio-economic and demographic characteristics, water and sanitation practices, health services, child c are and nutriment practices of mothers?What are the nourishment inhalation and nutrient adequacy of children?What is the nutritional status, zinc status and iron status of children?What is the level of cognitive development of children?What is the degree of association between zinc status and the following variableswater and sanitation practices, and health serviceschild care and eating practices, and food intakenutritional statusiron status andcognitive development?Hypothesis of the StudyThe following were the research hypothesis that guided the studyWater and sanitation practices are associated with nutritional status.Health services are associated with nutritional status.Infection is associated with nutritional status and cognitive development.Food intake is associated with nutritional status and cognitive development.Weight-for-age, height-for-age and weight-for-height are associated with zinc status, iron status and cognitive development.Zinc status is associated with iron status and cognitive developmentIron status is associated with cognitive development.Objectives of the StudyGenerally, this study aimed to determine the Zinc status and its relationship to physical growth and cognitive development of 2 to 3 year old children in Laguna, Philippines. It specifically sought todescribe the socio-economic and demographic characteristics water and sanitation practices health services and child care and feeding practices of mothersevaluate the food intake and nutrient adequacyassess the nutritional status, zinc status and iron statusdetermine the level of cognitive development andexamine the association of zinc status with each of the following variableswater and sanitation practiceshealth serviceschild care and feeding practices, and food intakenutritional statusiron status andcognitive development.Significance of the StudyThe province of Laguna has been agreeable in the implementation of nutrition programs. The nutrition sector has been conducting nutr itional assessment to address the magnitude and hardship of malnutrition particularly, of under and overnutrition in the province. However, zinc deficiency, as one of the public health concerns, and its multifactorial causes have not yet been given attention. With limited researches, the assessment of zinc status provided a deep understanding of the consequences of stunting and iron status as well as its contributory effect to cognitive development of 2 to 3 year old children.The results of the study shall provide local government units, program planners and policy makers with significant inputs for relevant programs suggested and recommended effective nutrition strategies to local nutrition and health workers and imparted to nutrition and nutrition-related professionals knowledge and awareness on micronutrient deficiencies, particularly of zinc.Scope and Limitations of the StudyThe study focused on the assessment of physical growth, zinc status, iron status and cognitive developmen t of 2 to 3 year old children in the province of Laguna. Factors modify child nutritional status included were to socio-economic and demographic characteristics, health, water and sanitation practices, child care and feeding practices and dietary intake. Contributory factor to nutritional status such as infection was also included.The criteria in selecting the study area and the profile of the province were limited to the availability of secondary data. The sample size of it was ground from the 2013 Operation Timbang (OPT) list which may not include all children with ages 24 to 35 months old. Data on child morbidity was limited to personal interview of mother-respondents. Likewise, dietary assessment was limited to a non-consecutive 2-day food recall which may not indicate foods that are highly seasonal. Determination of cognitive development was also limited to the adapted items of the Early Childhood Care and Development (ECCD) program, Metro Manila Developmental wake Test (MM DST), and Child Development Index (CDI). The sample size may not be able to reflect the entire population of 2 to 3 year old Filipino children. However, the sample size was sufficient to test the statistical significance of the study. The conclusions were made from the results of the study. Hence, it was limited to the conditions inherent to the selected children.